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Ivor Bertie Gurney (28 August 1890 – 26 December 1937) was an English composer and poet. ==Life== Born at 3,4 Queen Streets, Gloucester in 1890, the second of four surviving children of David Gurney, a tailor, and his wife Florence, a seamstress, Gurney showed musical ability early. He sang as a chorister at Gloucester Cathedral, from 1900 to 1906, when he became an articled pupil of Dr Herbert Brewer at the cathedral, where he met fellow composer Herbert Howells who became a lifelong friend. Alongside Gurney and Howells, Brewer's third pupil at this time was Ivor Novello then known as Ivor Davies. He also enjoyed an enduring friendship with the poet F. W. Harvey whom he met in 1908. The most significant adult figures in Gurney's early life were the Reverend Alfred H. Cheesman and two sisters, Emily and Margaret Hunt who nurtured Gurney's interests in music and literature. Gurney began composing music at the age of 14,〔Marion Scott Notes, Royal College of Music Library, no date〕 and won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music in 1911. He studied there with Charles Villiers Stanford, who also taught Ralph Vaughan Williams, John Ireland, Marion M. Scott, Rebecca Clarke, Frank Bridge, Arthur Bliss, Howells and many others. Stanford told Howells that Gurney was potentially "the biggest of them all", but he was "unteachable".〔Charles Villiers Stanford quoted by Herbert Howells in "Ivor Gurney: The Musician", Music and Letters, vol. 19, no. 1, January 1938, p. 14〕 Gurney possessed a dynamic personality but had been troubled by mood swings that became apparent during his teenage years. He had a difficult time focusing on his work at college and suffered his first breakdown in 1913.〔Pamela Blevins, "Ivor Gurney and Marion Scott: Song of Pain and Beauty"〕 After taking a rest, he seemed to recover and returned to college. Gurney's studies were interrupted by World War I when he enlisted as a private soldier in the Gloucestershire Regiment in February 1915. At the Front, he began writing poetry seriously, sending his efforts to his friend, the musicologist-critic Marion Scott, who worked with Gurney as his editor and business manager. He was in the midst of writing the poems for what would become his first book ''Severn and Somme'' when he was wounded in the shoulder in April 1917. He recovered and returned to battle, still working on his book and composing music including the songs In Flanders and By A Bierside. Sidgwick & Jackson accepted ''Severn and Somme'' in July with publication set for the autumn. In the meantime, Gurney was gassed in September the same year and sent to the Edinburgh War Hospital where he met and fell in love with a VAD nurse, Annie Nelson Drummond, but the relationship later failed. There remains some controversy about the possible effects of the gas on his mental health, even though Gurney had shown some signs and symptoms of a bipolar disorder since his teens.〔Blevins, Pamela, "New Perspectives on Ivor Gurney's Illness, The Ivor Gurney Society Journal, vol. 6, 2000, pp. 29-58; Blevins, Pamela, Ivor Gurney and Marion Scott: Song of Pain and Beauty, The Boydell Press, 2008〕 "Being gassed (mildly) (parenthesis ) with the new gas is no worse than catarrh or a bad cold”, Gurney wrote in a letter to Marion Scott on 17 September 1917. After his release from hospital he was posted to Seaton Delaval, a mining village in Northumberland, where he wrote poems including 'Lying awake in the ward'. ''Severn and Somme'', was published in November 1917. In March 1918, Gurney suffered a serious breakdown, triggered at least in part by the sudden loss of Drummond.〔〔Ethel Voynich letter to Marion Scott, March 1938, The Gurney Archive, Gloucester, England〕 He was hospitalized in the Gallery Ward at Brancepeth Castle, County Durham, where he wrote several songs, despite the piano sounding, he said, like "a boiler factory in full swing because of the stone walls".〔Ivor Gurney to Marion Scott, 12 March 1918, Collected Letters, p. 410〕 In June he threatened suicide but did not go through with it. He slowly regained some of his emotional stability and in October was honourably discharged from the army. Gurney received an unconventional diagnosis of nervous breakdown from "deferred" shell shock.〔 The notion that Gurney's instability should primarily be attributed to "shell shock" was perpetuated by his close friend Marion Scott, who used this term in the initial press releases after Gurney's death, as well as in his entry for ''Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians''. Although Gurney seemed to thrive after the war, when he was regarded as one of the most promising men of his generation, his mental distress continued to worsen.〔 He studied for a brief time with Ralph Vaughan Williams upon returning to the Royal College of Music but he withdrew from the college before completing his studies. His second volume of poetry, ''War's Embers'', appeared in May 1919 to mixed reviews. He continued to compose, producing a large number of songs, instrumental pieces, chamber music and two works for orchestra, ''War Elegy'' (1920) and ''A Gloucestershire Rhapsody'' (1919–1921). His music was being performed and published. However by 1922, his condition had deteriorated to the point where his family had him declared insane. It has been speculated that Gurney's mental health problems may have been the result of syphilis, contracted either while he was music student before the war, or perhaps while serving as a soldier in France. Blevins, Gunrey's biographer, however, concludes that he did not suffer from syphilis. The issue has also been discussed, more recently, by Cambridge academic and broadcaster Kate Kennedy. He spent the last 15 years of his life in psychiatric hospitals, first for a short period at Barnwood House in Gloucester, and then at the City of London Mental Hospital, Dartford, where he was diagnosed as suffering from "delusional insanity (systematised)".〔Gurney's medical records, Gurney Archive and M. Hurd, 1970, ''The Ordeal of Ivor Gurney''. Oxford〕 Gurney wrote prolifically during the asylum years, producing some eight collections of verse. His output included two plays in Shakespearean style - "Gloucester Play (1926) and "The Tewksbury Trial" (1926).〔() 〕 During this time he appeared to believe that he was Shakespeare. He also continued to compose music, but to a far lesser degree. An examination of his archive suggests that up to two thirds of his musical output remains unpublished and unrecorded.〔 By the 1930s Gurney wrote little of anything, although he was described by Scott as being "so sane in his insanity". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ivor Gurney」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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